How Does Donatello Tell the Story of the Annunciation

Painting/Sculpture Essay- Ronan Carey Donatello, originally known as Donato, was given the name Donatello by his relatives and thus, wrote it that way on many of his works, was born in Florence in the year 1386. A gifted artist, he was not only an excellent sculptor and a marvellous statuary, but also prevalent in stucco, an able master of perspective, and a greatly admired architect who worked in virtually every medium possible during his long career, marble, bronze, low relief, pietra serena (dark stone), and even wood .And according to Vasari in his â€Å"Lives of the Artists†: â€Å"his works showed so much grace, design, and excellence, that they were held to approach more nearly to the marvellous works of the ancient Greeks and Romans than those of any other craftsman whatsoever. † The piece that shall be discussed in this essay is the work considered by many to be Donatello’s most important work in pietra serena, the â€Å"Annunciation (c. 1435)† fo r the Cavalcanti tabernacle, in the Santa Croce Chapel, Florence.The entire piece is 218cmx268cm, and is an architectural sculpture that takes the place of an altar in a family chapel, located in the right aisle of the Chapel following the renovation of the Original church and destruction of the original Chapel by Vasari. The Annunciation itself is a biblical scene that refers to moment in which the angel Gabriel delivers the news to Mary that she is to bear the child of Christ. In the Bible, the Annunciation is narrated in the book of Luke, Luke 1:26-38: Luke 1:26 and in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God unto a city of Galilee, named Nazareth, to a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin's name was Mary. And the angel came in unto her, and said, Hail, thou that art highly favoured, the Lord is with thee: blessed ‘art' thou among women. And when she saw him, she was troubled at his saying, and cast in her mind wha t manner of salutation this should be. And the angel said unto her, Fear not, Mary: for thou hast found favour with God. And, behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb, and ring forth a son, and shalt call his name Jesus. He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the Highest: and the Lord God shall give unto him the throne of his father David. It was the skill of Donatello to translate this scene into a sculpture so vibrant and powerful that generation after generation would look upon it and understand the power and significance of the depiction. According to Joachim Poeschke, author of â€Å"Donatello and his World†, like Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello felt that â€Å"the Distance between the viewer and the action had to be overcome in the emotional sense as well as the visual†.It is this mentality that causes the work of Donatello to sweep a viewer up and allow them to feel in the midst of the action, He did not have to â€Å"rely on realistic effects to create such brilliance but rather focus on his own imagination and creative control over his piece†. However, in this piece, Donatello does actually create a harmoniously realistic rendering of such a miraculous and often over-exaggerated scene. So how exactly does Donatello tell the story?Well the strength of the piece lies in its choice of subjects, their depiction, and the complex emotional brevity he applies to their story. The sculpture itself is carved from a single stone of pietra serena, a typically dark stone that is often avoided by sculptors for its monotony in tone and contrast but in the hands of Donatello he used exquisite gold gilding to create a rich and sensuous appeal to the carving. The gold would have glimmered high above the parishioners in the candlelight of the otherwise dark Franciscan church, notable for its one large external rose window.It is important to note the fact that the parishioners would have been looking up at the elevated sculpture as it plays a paramount role in our understanding of its depiction. Donatello used foreshortening in his rendering of Mary to the extent that on ground level, her right leg appears slightly shorter than it would be if it was anatomically correct. An article in â€Å"The Florentine† magazine by Jane Fortune discusses how this foreshortening allows the figures to stand out in what appears to be a much higher relief than one would expect. However, as Bonnie A. Bennett and David G.Wilkins say in â€Å"Donatello†, the use of a richly patterned and gilded background immediately behind the figures prevents the illusion of further depth, but this restricted spatial effect is very appropriate for Donatello’s annunciation as it architecturally justifies his omission of several iconic elements of the annunciation scene. If we look at the figures presented we see only the Angel Gabriel and Virgin Mary and her lyre back chair. It was common practice in the history of art in 15th Century t o depict Mary and surrounding with numerous symbols to increase the abject legitimacy of the art.Some of these elements include Mary reading or holding a book to display knowledge and wisdom, a lily for purity, a lectern for the word of God or a dove to show the Holy Spirit. In Donatello’s rendering of the Annunciation, however, there are none of these icons save for the Virgins’ book but there is also no loggia, no view into the virgin’s bedchamber, and no symbolic walled garden to represent her virginity. Florence’s museums and churches abound with portrayals that at times seem overcrowded with symbolism and icons to inform a viewer of the theological importance of the scene they are witnessing.Donatello has chosen to do with away with any imagery that may cloud the focus on the Virgin and Gabriel to allow a viewer to become swept up in the complex story at hand. These omissions only prove to make what Donatello has actually included all the more essent ial. If we look at how exactly he has illustrated the angel Gabriel we see that he has chosen the moment when Gabriel has literally just entered the room, his large, deep wings are still unfurled in manner that suggest he has only landed this very second to deliver his news.His drapery and ribbons are swept back behind him to accentuate this idea of swift movement and he appears to genuflect on one knee instead as he comes to a landing with his mouth slightly agape in the act of addressing the virgin. Donatello is transmitting the idea of the power and meaningfulness behind what Gabriel has to say. The Madonna herself is in a pose not usually seen up until that point in art history. According to Gerald S. Davies in the Burlington Magazine, â€Å"She is arrested at the precise moment when it expresses the most completely a condition of mental emotion†.She has been caught whilst reading a book; it is still held firmly in her grasp. We can tell she has just risen at the appearan ce of the angel as she has turned by impulse to leave, clearly taken aback by this miraculous apparition. Her right knee, already bent to take the first step, tells us this. Her left foot is planted firmly on the ground and is yet to be moved. With her right hand she is briskly yet still gracefully clasping for her mantle, which suggests it has fallen from her shoulders as she leapt up in commotion but also confirms that she is accepting of the Angel’s news as she places her hand on her heart.All of these subtle movements come together to express an emotional experience of hearing the message of an angel. Her face is turned downwards in a gracious pose reminiscent of Greek classical sculpture that places it almost completely in profile and away from the direction she is apparently walking. This one look, alone, tells us that what she is hearing is clearly an encapsulating and spellbinding message. In conclusion, Donatello has created something truly special in his depiction o f the Annunciation.His omission of several elements in this much re-created scene gave it its own individual appearance and personality, and although it is clearly indebted to the high-relief Greek classical sculptures of Donatello’s favour, it still remains utterly contemporary and even forward thinking in terms of renaissance sculpture. He has taken an otherwise difficult and unspectacular medium, pietra serena, and bent it to his will to create a spectacular piece of ecclesiastical sculpture.His contemporaries would have been so impressed by this work for its sheer courage if nothing else, Donatello did away with traditional conventions for the sake of expressing more genuine emotional in his art. His ability to allow the three essential elements of the story to occur simultaneously, that of the angel’s arrival and the virgin’s shock, his message being delivered, and Mary’s eventual acceptance, is what elevates this work of stone into another level of artistic expression for its time that would have amazed his contemporaries as well as the average citizens of Florence.References: Donatello- Bonnie A. Bennett and David G. Wilkins (pg. 32/147/148) Joachim Poeschke- Donatello and his world (pg. 32/56) Jane Fortune- Variation on a theme: Annunciation- The Florentine-published June 28, 2007 Giorgio Vasari- the lives of the Artists Tuscany Arts- Looking at Donatello’s Annunciation Gerald S. Davies – A Sidelight on Donatello’s Annunciation- The Burlington Magazine- published 1908

How does Steinbeck make Lennie a sympathetic character? Essay

In the novel ‘Of Mice and Men’, John Steinbeck deliberately creates and describes the character of Lennie and the events that surround him in the aim of evoking the reader’s sympathy towards him. It is obvious from the beginning of the novel that Lennie is in some way mentally disabled, and has the mind and actions of a child, the first time that a character mentions this is Slim, who remarks that Lennie is ‘Jes like a kid’, Curley’s wife also point out that he is ‘jus’ like a big baby’. It is obvious to the reader of Lennie’s mental ability by the way he speaks, as he has a definite speech impediment. By having Lennie be described as like a child and by his actions being like a child, it effectively creates sympathy for the character from the readers. This is because it is always easy for a reader to feel sympathetic towards a person with mental difficulties as you can understand how challenging it must be in their situation. The events which occur around Lennie are a main factor in creating sympathy for him. The first incident when the reader feels extremely sympathetic towards Lennie is when he is petting a dead mouse and George takes it off him, at which point Lennie starts to cry ‘He heard Lennie’s whimpering cry and wheeled about. â€Å"Blubberin’ like a baby? Jesus Christ! A big guy like you’. This highlights Lennie’s immaturity and his childlike characteristics, it is like a young child being scolded and having something taken off them and then starting to cry, this is how Lennie reacts to this situation. Often in the book George will say to Lennie ‘Good Boy’, this further shows the childlike character Lennie is, as it has George talking down to Lennie and comforting him, the way a child needs comforting. Early on in the book, Lennie’s pathetic yet amusing attempts at proving to George that he could survive living on his own shows what a sadly hopeless character he is, ‘if you don’t want me, you only jus’ got to say so, and I’ll go off in those hills right there – and live by myself’. We know for a fact that Lennie would be completely incapable of surviving on his own let alone surviving in the mountains, the effect this exchange has on the reader one again points to Lennie’s hopelessness and adds to the sympathy you feel towards him. Further on, Lennie is mistakenly taken to be laughing at Curley and Curley begins to punch him to which Lennie only reacts when ordered to by George. Lennie does not realise his own strength and crushes Curley’s hand, which was an unintentional way of getting him to stop. After this incident Lennie is described as ‘crouched fearfully against the wall’ and he cries how he ‘didn’t wanta hurt him’. Just after he has broken Curley’s hand you would not feel any sympathy towards Lennie, it is not until he shows his regret and remorse about the incident that it shows his timid and childlike side again. No sympathy is felt towards Curley during this, because of the dislike built up against his character by this point even though he is the one seriously injured, all the sympathy is felt towards Lennie by the characters and the readers alike. After the encounter and being comforted by George, Lennie exclaims ‘I can still tend the rabbits, George?’ it shows how easily satisfied Lennie is and also how easy it is for him to forget major occurrences and get over them. When Lennie is given one of Slim’s pups it is a dream come true for him, George describes how ‘it was a hell of a lot to him. Jesus Christ, I don’t know how we’re gonna get him to sleep in here’. This shows Lennie’s low mentality and how such a small thing can bring so much pleasure to him, the reader feels a certain sympathy for Lennie at this point for his childlike mentality. Towards the end of the book, Lennie accidentally kills the puppy which was given to him, by stroking it too hard. Initially he reacts to this by getting upset and crying ‘why do you got to get killed?’ this highlights his lack of knowledge and understanding with the concept of death, the reader feels sympathy towards the sorry state he is. However, Lennie then begins to get frustrated and angry about it and hurls the puppy away, he worries that by what he has done George will not let him ‘tend the rabbits’. At this point the sympathy towards Lennie stops, as this part shows his aggressive and selfish side as he is worrying for himself. The situation soon becomes much more serious however, when Lennie goes on to accidentally kill Curley’s wife by breaking her neck whilst stroking her hair. This time Lennie realises more the serious implications of his actions and leaves the ranch to hide in the place where he was instructed to by George. In my opinion, by this point sympathy towards Lennie has all but stopped, even though he killed Curley’s wife by accident he did it by viciously holding his hand over her mouth to stop her screaming, as he felt that him being able to ‘tend the rabbits’ would be jeopardised. This is Lennie once again looking out for himself. The sympathy felt towards Lennie is however regained, by the end of the book. Lennie is deeply remorseful about his actions and understand the burden he must be for George ‘I won’t be no more trouble to George’, and how what he does affects everyone else. In this final part Lennie is more childlike than ever, he cries and worries and calls for George like a child for its parent. George finally shoots Lennie and kills him, believing it is the best for Lennie and everyone else, a sort of mercy killing. However, you do not feel deep sympathy towards Lennie at this point as in a way he is free now of his mental burden, in my opinion I am glad that this was what happened to Lennie as his shackles have been cut loose and he nor anyone else has to suffer.

Biography of Alexander the Great

Biography of Alexander the Great What would you do if you could rule the world? This seems like a preposterous question to most, but to one man it started to become a reality. It all started with the dreams of one King, Alexander the Great. Alexander was born in 356 BC in Macedonia, the area around present day Thessaloniki in northern Greece. Though the Macedonians might have considered themselves part of the Greek cultural world, the other Greeks viewed them as a half-barbaric mountain tribe. Alexander was the King of Macedonia in 336 BC, the Pharaoh of Egypt starting 332 BC, the King of Persia in 330 BC, and the King of Asia from 331 BC until the time of his unfortunate death in 323 BC. He was first crowned King of Macedonia at the young age of 19. Barely an adult, Alexander managed to transform his small Macedonian country into his own domain consisting of the three largest and most feared Empires in just 13 years. Right after his father’s death, Alexander had started his plans to conquer and unite all of the Ancient Greek city-states, along with the empires of Persia, Asia, and India. Although he was not successful in all of his plans, he managed to conquer and unite all of Ancient Greece, and conquer Persia and Asia, as well as some of India. Therefore, Alexander managed to transform the lesser known small mountain village of Macedonia into the largest and most powerful empire in all of Ancient Europe. The biographical novel Alexander The Great by Philip Freeman singlehandedly details all of the battles and important occurrences in Alexander’s life from his childhood until his death, as well as the legacy of the Empire he left behind which lasted several hundred years after his death. With the help of nobody but a select few of his father’s old generals, mainly his father’s right hand man Parmenion; Alexander was able to revolutionize the way of ancient warfare and destroy any Empire that stood in his way. As an absolute genius at psychological and unconvention al warfare, along with some high risk and high reward decisions, Alexander overcame some of the greatest obstacles in his way without breaking a sweat. I have always found Alexander has always been an extremely interesting and inspiring man to learn about in History, so I decided to learn more about his life and how he was able to conquer the Persian Empire, an Empire with the army size of almost twice that Alexander had in his control. In the following speech, I will tell the story of Alexander the Great and his adventures, many victories and very few defeats, during his conquest of the entire region of Greece, Persia, and Asia. Alexanders father King Philip was an impressive ruler who had started the systematic policy of expanding the control of Macedonia. Philips main conquest was that of the Greek mainland, after his victory at Chaeronea [Karineea] in 338 BC. The call to adventure was first introduced to Alexander while he was still in his teens, his father wanted to give him to commanded the Macedonian cavalry during this battle to prove Alexander’s worth as an heir to the throne. The Battle of Chaeronea took place in 338 BCE on an early August morning outside the town of Chaeronea[Karineea] in Boeotia [Beeotia], Greece. Although for centuries the cities of Athens and Sparta dominated Greece, politically, militarily and economically, the Battle of Chaeronea, one of the most renowned of all Greek battles, only involved one of these cities: Athens. However, Athens was not alone. They combined forces with Thebes including the sacred band of thebes, an elite group consisting of 150 pairs of male soldi ers who were the most fearsome warriors of Ancient Greece. The soldiers were all male lovers which, although peculiar, was effective because they wanted to impress and defend each other with their lives because they didn’t want to see their lover perish in battle. Both armies came together with the idea that they would destroy the conceited army of Macedonians and send them back to their homelands in the mountains. However, we quickly learn that this was not the case. Philip reorganized the old, traditional strategy of phalanx (which was a tightly moving group of soldiers) and replaced the outdated hoplite spear with the sarissa, an 18 to 20 foot pike, adding a smaller double-edged sword. Finally, he redesigned the antiquated shield and helmet, making them much more sturdy and viable. The Macedonians under Philip II’s rule would soon prove their worthiness and skill in this battle by slaughtering the enemy army including the sacred band of thebes. The Macedonians lost under 100 soldiers while the enemy forces casualties included 2,000 dead and 4,000 captured. Alexander decided to burn down and completely destroy the city as an example to other Greek states to show them what would happen if they rebelled. The Macedonian victory at Chaeronea would put Greece into a deep slope, both politically and militarily. It would never again regain its supremacy in the Mediterranean. Macedonia had established troops in Corinth and all of Ancient Greece recognized him as their leader and couldn’t afford to revolt. Philip was determined to transform his weaker citizen-based army into a worthy army of highly trained professional soldiers. Having well succeeded at this, it didn’t take long for him to reveal to the rest of Greece the might of the Macedonian army, attacking and defeating the Thracians to the north, proving to the people of Athens that Philip was a viable threat. Alexander’s first trials came around the same time of his father’s death. Philip II served as king from 359 BC until he was assassinated in 336 BC. Alexander was the runner up as King since he was Philip’s own child. However, seizing the throne after an untimely death of a beloved King can be chaotic so Alexander was not unopposed. He slayed his potential threats for the throne and secured his position as king of Macedon at just the age of 19. After securing the throne, he began to put his plans of conquering Ancient Europe into action. After gathering an impressive amount of troops consisting of highly determined and war-hardened Macedonians, Greek mercenaries, thracian troops and the whole Athens fleet, Alexander began his war against the Persians in 334 BC. At the time the Macedonian leader was twenty-two years old.Darius was prepared for battle having selected this spot to meet his enemy.After his defeat at Issus two years previously, Darius made sure that th is battleground favored his army and its tactics; mainly being war chariots. The ground here was flat which was perfect for chariots. Darius made it even flatter by ordering the terrain plowed and leveled. All was ready and on October 1, 331 BC the Persian army of possibly 200,000 faced off against Alexanders 35,000. The Macedonian leader immediately sized up the Persians tactical advantage and countered by ordering his cavalry to shift to the right along with Alexander himself hoping to move his enemy away from their flat field. The Persians marched parallel along with him, far outflanking him upon their left. Then the Persian cavalry rode along the line and came into contact with the front men of Alexanders army; nevertheless he still continued to defensively march towards the right, and almost entirely got beyond the ground that had been cleared and leveled by the Persians. Then Darius, fearing that his chariots would become useless if the Macedonians advanced upon the uneven gro und, ordered the front ranks of his left wing to ride round the right wing of the Macedonians, where Alexander was commanding, to prevent him from marching his wing any further. As soon as Darius set his whole battle line in motion, Alexander ordered Aretes, his general controlling the left ground units and javelineers to attack those who were riding clear around his right wing; and up to that time Alexander himself was leading his men in column. But when the Persians made a break in the front line of their army by having their cavalry charge to aid those executing the flanking movement, Alexander wheeled towards the gap, forming a wedge between the cavalry and part of the phalanx. He led them with a loud battle cry that every unit in his army followed in with that was so loud it frightened the Persians and caused the frontline to start a retreat. Darius quickly saw what was happening and commanded them to stay and fight. Alexander rode straight towards Darius, looking for the glory that would come if he killed the Great King of Persia himself. Then came a short hand-to-hand melee; but as Alexander and his troops pressed on vigorously, thrusting themselves against the Persians and striking through forces with their great sarissas, Darius, whose courage already had been shaken had turned and fled. Likewise the Persians who were trying to outflank, panic-stricken at the vigorous attack of Aretes, took to flight; a the Macedonians chased after and slaughtered those who they caught. Alexander’s victory at the battle of Gaugamela on the Persian plains was a decisive conquest that insured the defeat of the Persian King Darius III. Alexander then moved to the city of Sardis, the capital of Ancient Lydia. This was an important city due firstly to the amount of Persian troops stationed there, secondly to its control on an import ant road leading from the inside of Sardis outward to the Aegean[Ajian] coast, and thirdly to it’s access to the wide and fertile plains of the Hermus where important direct food to the city could be grown and developed year round. He then moved on to Phoenicia, an ancient civilization composed of independent city-states which lay along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. First starting with Baalbek. Baalbek was a religiously devoted city that was not loyal to the Persians who currently ruled them with constant religious interference. Because of this, they surrendered to Alexander and his army without a fight. Next came his destruction of the Phoenician city Sidon. Alexander attempted a peace offering to allow Sidon to surrender without a fight. They distastefully refused, calling Alexander a tyrant. Alexander was so insulted by being called a Tyrant that he ordered his engineers to besiege the high city walls and invaded the city with no mercy. Killing over 2000 soldiers and 1000 civilians, Alexander captured and sold the rest off into slavery, hoping to make an example of them. This seemed to work because after the fall of Sidon, the important and very wealthy trading city of Aleppo sent delegates to Alexander offering a golden crown as a symbol of their surrender. Following the fall of Aleppo came the long besiege of the very well protected Tyre. After Tyre fell to Alexander’s control quite easily once the walls came down, Alexander conquers Syria, who more than willingly surrendered without hesitation. Alexander then finished the conquest of Levant, the name given to the widely to the eastern Mediterranean coastal lands of Asia Minor and Phoenicia. Alexander then moved on to the mysterious lands of Egypt and was welcomed as a liberator and conquered Egypt without a fight.Alexander and all of his empire now called him the Pharaoh of Egypt, King of Asia, as well as King of Persia and King of Macedonia. In conclusion, Alexander was a man destined for greatness from the time of his birth. Turning a small Macedonian state into one of the largest Empires to exist in the Ancient world, his influence on the modern world comes in many different forms. He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of historys most successful military commanders. The traits that contribute to him being one of the most successful military commanders of all time are not only limited to his high intelligence in battle however. As Niccolà ² Machiavelli, an italian philosopher influenced directly by Alexanders’ own tutor Aristotle himself, once famously quoted â€Å"The lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. One must therefore be a fox to recognize traps, and a lion to frighten wolves.† He expressed behaviors of the lion when he revoked his merciful nature, and acted as a fox in his attentive yet generous manner when attempting to win his battles in a peaceful way. He was a merciful and generous leader, believing in fairness and equality no matter what religion or race you were. However, when his authority was challenged, he revoked his mercy to secure his position as a leader of the Ancient Greek Empire. He was never unjust in his punishments, and always gave his enemies a chance at peace. Alexander’s behaviorisms as a leader were very logical, reasonable, and most importantly merciful. These qualities are what I believe every human should aspire to have and for this reason he is my personal hero. â€Å"A horse must be a bit mad to be a good cavalry mount, and its rider must be completely so.† â€Å"A cavalrymans horse should be smarter than he is. But the horse must never be allowed to know this.† â€Å"This man has conquered the world! What have you done? The philosopher replied without an instants hesitation, I have conquered the need to conquer the world.† â€Å"Always attack. Even in defense, attack. The attacking arm possesses the initiative and thus commands the action. To attack makes men brave; to defend makes them timorous.† â€Å"Fame Imperishable and glory that will never die that is what we march for!† â€Å"When deliberating, think in campaigns and not battles; in wars and not campaigns; in ultimate conquest and not wars.† â€Å"There is nothing impossible to him who will try.† â€Å"A tomb now suffices him for whom the world was not enough.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 122

Summary - Essay Example The speech "I have a dream" is chronologically crafted through the saddening history of the black people staying and living in the US. The speech begins by identifying the African-Americans as slaves. The speech also starts by celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation that set the black Africans legally free. In his speech, Martin Luther King quickly reflects on the present times and points out that the black people are still in poverty and face injustices, segregation, and police brutality. All the vices are present despite having passed the Emancipation Proclamation 100 years ago. In his "present day" part of the speech, the King urges the people not retaliate by bitterness, physical violence and hatred while trying to solve the injustices he points out in his speech (Teaching American History n.d.). "I have a dream" part which is most famous, speech, the King hopes for a better future through quotations from the bible. American songs and the declaration of independence further reinstate his hopes for a better future that is to come. King speaks poetically and with power and gives the reflection of the country where all people are equal. The white and black people work together with equal

African American history 1600-1877 Research Paper

African American history 1600-1877 - Research Paper Example The events that shaped African American history and converted the blacks from being slave to free people were forced transportation of black people for slave trade,American Revolution,the Great Awakening,the very famous war of 1812 and the civil war.Slave trade is the first incident that shows the deprivation of Black population of their basic human rights as blacks were transported to other lands for labour purposes Second in line is the event of Great Awakening, which helped people to recognize their existence according to their religion, as Great Awakening resulted in unity of Americans and Christianity faith. Third important event is the American Revolution that started in 1775 as clash between the Great Britain and the thirteen British colonies in America. During American Revolution, blacks wanted their rights and human treatment from Americans. British unwillingness to sign the commercial agreement, British support to Indians on American frontiers and failure of British army to withdraw from American territories were the causes of irritation for Americans due to which, the war of 1812 was there. Civil War is the last important event that helped the blacks in gaining freedom as at the end of civil war, formal identity was given to black people as Americans. AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY (1600-1877) African American history revolves around arrival of African American or black American ethnic groups in US. Migration of black people from Carrabin and transportation of slaves in 16th century changed the history of the region. Five very influential events took place from 1600 to 1877. The events that shaped African American history and converted the blacks from being slave to free people were forced transportation of black people for slave trade, American Revolution, the Great Awakening, the very famous war of 1812 and the civil war. Slave trade leads the other events in the African American history. In 1619, first slave was brought to Jamestown as a servant. This e vent opened the doors for bringing non-Christian black people as servants in the US. Number of slaves rose to 25000 in 1700 in American colonies1. Next in order was â€Å"Great Awakening†, known as watershed period in American life. Great Awakening swept the colonies by having greater social and religious effects on the people’s life. Period of 1730-1740 is known as revivalism period that spread throughout in American colonies2. Individual spiritual experiences got importance over the routine church proceedings. After the period of Great Awakening, the next mega event in African American history is American Revolution. It began in 1775 due to conflict between Great Britain and thirteen colonies. After the end of revolution in 1783, another mega event is the war of 1812. War was fought between America and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815 but peace treaty for ending the war was signed in 1814. Than the reconstruction period started in which black people were granted Ameri can citizenship with full rights. Mid eighteenth century saw a big shift in American policies towards black and black people also shifted to south for living the lives as per their own wishes3. The impact of all the events on African American history 1600-1877 shall be discussed in detail in this paper. Great emphasis shall be laid on the war of 1812, because of events taking place during this period. Spanish and Portuguese settlers brought Africans with them in the new world. About 2,75,000 Africans were brought to south and north America at the start of 16th century. First African slave was brought to Jamestown in1619. More Africans were then brought to those areas having good land for cultivation but labour was short. Many slaves used to die during transportation due to inadequate food and medical treatment. Earlier the differences in treating European and African slaves were almost negligible but soon they started differentiating whites from black people in 27th century. Virgini a

Out-of Control Interview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Out-of Control Interview - Assignment Example By Maria being able to take a job as a waitress in a hotel yet she’s such an intelligent person just shows how non-selective she is when it comes to doing anything to survive. She’s therefore depicted as one who is driven by her goals and will do anything to achieve her goals. He can be useful to the organization in case Maria was employed there since she will ensure she does what it takes in order to achieve what they want. On the part of the carelessness of the firm’s management with their questions, it actually reflected a well-thought interview, most interviews are known for just touching on what they people expect out of the interview such as questions about one’s career, skills, and experience. A person is always prepared fully to even tell a lie when it comes to testing them on the usual aspect they expected out of an interview. Therefore, for the management to really realize your real character, thought and skills of critical thinking, it is very i mportant that they make the interview appear like they are not even serious with it or have careless questions in between. In this way, one will be taken out of their already thought answers that might not be true, to give exactly what you are to the panel. As you try to respond to the careless questions they throw at you, they also get the chance to study your reaction that gives them a chance to make their informed decision about you. Maria must have regarded the carelessness of the management seriously and decided to be herself in responding to such questions.

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business Law - Essay Example When you buy a pair of shoes, you're paying money to own the product, plain and simple. But under UCITA, what you'd be paying for when you purchase software wouldn't be the program itself, merely a license to use it. That's a subtle difference, but a significant one. Differences in selling a product and licensing the product depend on the product itself. McAllister cites additional examples of the license screen when purchasing software online: â€Å"You're told to read them, and then click ‘I Agree,’ before you're allowed to complete the installation.† While not all consumers read this â€Å"fine print† page, McAllister advises everyone should â€Å"because the way the software industry would have it, those screens of text are legally binding contracts.† Many of the provisions in the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act were first proposed as a modification to Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code. Why did the drafters decide to propose it as a separate and distinct uniform act? Because of the growing online commerce actions, the â€Å"powers that be† in the U.S. government felt there needed to be a more clear-cut law for such commercial acts. The wording of Article 2, Congress felt, was not sufficient to cover the needs of the buyer and seller. Furthermore, amending Article 2 (originally intended to be Article 2B) was viewed as ineffective for such growing electronic businesses. Therefore, the onset of the UCITA gave both sides of the transaction a clear picture of what is legally expected.

First Amendment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

First Amendment - Essay Example By the same provision, people can join and associate with groups and organizations without government intervention (Cohen, 2008). This law grants people the right to appeal to the government in support or against policies affecting them or those that arouse strong feelings amongst the people. People can therefore exploit this provision to gather signatures in support of a cause, or lobby legislative bodies to support or oppose legislation. The Supreme Court has the legal mandate to interpret the extent of protection afforded to these rights. The establishment clause prohibits the government, by way of legislation, from coming up with a religion that is well known or recognizing one religion over others. However, some government activity serving religious entities have been allowed by the Supreme Court, for example, provision of bus transportation using government resources for parochial school students (Cohen, 2008). The Supreme Court strongly demands for justification of government interference of free speech but allows for speech prohibition where there is risk of breach of peace or violence. The government may prohibit association or prevent formation of groups that promote or engage in illegal activities. While the right to association prohibits the government from requiring groups to register or disclose their members or government denying people benefits based on membership of a particular group, there are instances where courts feel that the benefits of registration or disclosure far outweigh interference with first amendment rights (Anastaplo, 2010). The protection of the right to speech and assembly for speakers vary with the speaker’s forum. As the Supreme Court breaks them down; there are traditional public forums, nonpublic forums and designated forums, some public property are not classified. The traditional public forums consist of all the areas traditionally open to political speech and debate such as side walks and public

Short answer questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short answer questions - Assignment Example As more red blood cells pass through the tissue, warmth (calor) sets in. Increase in vascular permeability results in fluid to shifting into the connective tissue that causes edema. Vasodilation and thickening of blood encourages leucocytes to stick to blood vessels. Margi nation occurs and leucocytes crawl between the endothelial cells and enter the inflamed tissues. Phagocytosis occurs, microbes are engulfed and destroyed by white blood cells and lastly tissue repair begins (Lydyard & Whelan, 2011).An example when a malaria protozoan enters the body through mosquito bite, the body’s immune becomes active, there is increase in white blood cell circulation. An individual presents with pain and fever. Edema might set in later phase. Inflammation can be classified according to exudate, period, site, and etiology. Based on exudate, inflammations result in fluid accumulation in the tissues. These inflammations can be suppurative inflammation where pus forms resulting into a skin abscess, serous where thin watery exudate forms. An example is blister. In etiology, inflammation can be either aseptic or septic. Aseptic are chemical substance radiations while septic are living organisms that result into inflammation. Based on location, inflammation occurs in different regions of the body depending on the causative agent, for example, tuberculosis causes inflammation of the lungs. Duration depends on the type of hypersensitivity (Lydyard & Whelan, 2011). Type I like insect bites take shorter period to manifest than Type IV where graft transplanting takes 3 days to manifest. The immune system provides three lines of defenses. The first line of defense is made up of nonspecific barriers. This includes chemical and physical barriers that prevent foreign agents from penetrating the outer layer of the body. These barriers are the skin, the mucous membrane, hair, tears, sweat saliva, gastric secretions, and cerumen. The second line of defense consists of leucocytes.

Is democracy making gains in Asia C.Q. Researcher, July 24, 1998, vol Research Paper

Is democracy making gains in Asia C.Q. Researcher, July 24, 1998, vol. 8, issue 27 - Research Paper Example Economic liberalization has caused setback to democratization 2. Corruption and poverty cause hindrance to growth of democracy 3. Negative impact of war on terrorism affect democratization 4. Instability in the democratic infrastructure prevent stable democracies 5. Tradition-bound societies resist change 6. Expectations focused on â€Å"Asian values† did not materialize in a big way There is a widespread belief in the West that Asia is a region where democracy has not yet taken roots. But the truth is that the Asian countries have given the world the best ideas and values, which have helped democracy progress world over. Democracy, though in its primitive form had been a familiar notion with Asians because the ethical values that the religions of Asia (Budhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam) proclaim, have been almost the same as democracy (1). The democratic implication of the cultural diversity of Asian countries is some thing that the West finds difficult to understand. Wi th so many cultures and languages integrated as one nation, almost every country in this region is a great model of cultural pluralism (2). The colonization of the Asian subcontinent by the British Empire had its pros and cons for the nations of Asia, in terms of democracy (3). Colonization opened up new channels, which were to bring in, new ideas of equality and democratic governance from Western renaissance to Asia (4). All the same, the colonization process destroyed the inherent social fabric of these countries that had a different kind of cultural tolerance and coexistence built into it (5). And this was the tragedy that occurred for the democracy in Asia. But changes are visible. It is through an evolving synthesis of economic progress, community oriented development and the strengthening human rights movement in Asia that democracy is making gains in this region. Literally, the meaning of the word, democracy, is â€Å"people rule† (6). And the primary definition of dem ocracy can be, â€Å"a freely elected government† (7). As Mosley has suggested, the problem that democracy always will have to face and tackle is, the fact that, â€Å" ‘people’ will have many different interests, all clamouring to be heard and acted upon† (8). In Asia, as said above, the cultural diversity is greater than any other region and hence the clamoring at its peak. But there can also be a second definition for democracy, which says that democracy is a â€Å"government by a simple majority† (9). While refuting the arguments of Samuel Huntington regarding the clashes of civilizations, Schmiegelow has pointed out the role of the rising middle class in the democratization process in Asian countries (10). Quoting Henry Rowen, Schmiegelow has also introduced another approach towards the same subject, which says that the economic growth in these countries has contributed to the democratization process (11). The problem with these two approaches has also been described by Schmiegelow by citing two contrasting examples- the case of Singapore which is very rich but not accepted as a liberal democracy by the world and the case of Burma which is very poor but inherits a very strong democratic movement (12). All these discussion throw light upon the amazing diversity of Asian democratic experience, which can be understood from the following words of Brian Bridges and Lok-Sang Ho: When we view the Asian scene, we can see a vast range of democratic polities, from the huge but

Teacher as Managers Essay Example for Free

Teacher as Managers Essay There are five behavioral steps in the differentiation of the effective delegator and the ineffective delegator. In this case, the manager of a contracts group, Ricky Lee, who is part of a large regional office supply distributor realized his limitations in terms of capacity when he received a new assignment. Ricky lee knew he needed to delegate this assignment in order to meet his current project deadline and also meet the needs of his boss. The first step Ricky needs to do is assess his employees and determine who has demonstrated a clear understanding of negotiating contracts, and also who has proven excellent results in negotiating with manufacturers. When Ricky identifies an employee who has knowledge, and demonstrated success contract negotiation like his employee, Bill Harmon, Ricky needs to evaluate if Bills workload would allow him to take on a new project. The next step Ricky needs to do is have a private conversation with Bill and clearly outline the parameters and scope of this project. Ricky needs to make sure that Bill understands what is expected by clarifying and asking open-ended questions. Ricky needs to make sure Bill does not have any unanswered questions regarding the development of the department’s new procedures manual for negotiating contracts with office product’s manufacturers. Therefore, Ricky will allow Bill to participate in the decisions since he will be held accountable for this task. Ricky needs to clearly explain that this needs to be completed by the end of the month, and make sure that Bill feels comfortable and accepting of the time commitment. Ricky needs to make sure that Bill has the ability to work this project as he see fit, however his authority is limited to only the parameters of the project. Bills needs to understand this his authority to all other aspects of his job or the job of other works has not changed. Ricky needs to ensure that Bill understands and accepts that his range and discretion are limited to the scope of the project only. In allowing the employee to participate, Ricky must understand that Bill may have his personal self-interests and biases that may cause a potential problem in not committing fully or deterring him from taking on the delegation of the new assignment. Ricky will need to listen to learn and use open-ended questions to redirect the personal biases and self-interests. Some employees find themselves facing challenges because they immediately think about themselves and have a tendency to exhibit impartial judgment, which is not always fair in a workplace environment. Employees have to do what’s right for them, but also remember that this is a business. When presenting open-ended questions, this provides Ricky the opportunity to answer all of Bill’s questions or concerns in a positive manner. Ricky is able to provide Bill with all of the answers and support and even resources that Bill needs. For instance, if Bill says â€Å"I do not have the the first written copy of the resource manual and I am not sure who has it. † Ricky may respond, â€Å"Well Bill, I have it in my office and I will commit to have it to you by 12pm. † This provides Bill with the resource he needs and Ricky may ask some more open-ended questions using who, what, where, when, and why to get Bill to open up about any questions or concerns. Personal biases influence the way another person may think about a particular object, place, or person. The employees who are judgmental may focus on ways to degrade their peers or have difficulty in taking on a new task. This creates a negative culture and does not motivate a team to perform to its fullest. Many employees can see being bias in a workplace both negatively and positively. They are normally personal biases which are formed through a person that may have been predisposed during childhood, environment, through another person’s own biases without researching, and/or experiences. The Assignment that Bill Harmon has agreed to take on will outline the steps followed in negotiating contracts with office products’ manufacturers who supply the organization’s products. It is important to inform everyone involved of the delegation. Anne Zumwalt and any other managers that may be involved with this project or directly affected by the outcome will be informed of Bill’s commitment to take on this new task. It is important that Ricky informs all employees affected by this delegation of Bill taking on this project and to inform employees on how much authority Bill has committed to. This provides a sense of pride and ownership over the project for Bill and he is fully aware that he will be held accountable for the end-product. When setting the parameters of this project with Bill it will be important to determine how Bill and Ricky will establish feedback channels. Bill must know how to communicate with Ricky about the project. It is important to know the stages that Bill may provide feedback to Ricky. Ricky should also inform Bill on how he intends on monitoring the project and how often he will be checking in. Bill should provide commitment and understanding on exact deadlines (end of the month on a specific date) and expectations. It is crucial that Bill knows if any problems should arise then Ricky should be contacted as soon as possible so they are able to work through it in the most proactive and efficient way.

Witness essay 2012 hsc Essay Example for Free

Witness essay 2012 hsc Essay How does Weir’s portrayal of the relationship between Book and his world move us into a deeper understanding of power? The 1985 film ‘witness’ directed by Peter weir is a crime/drama that develops the theme of conflict though individual power on a social, cultural and personal level. These areas of power are highlighted through the use of film techniques such as; camera shots, camera angles, lighting and costume. The film outlines the juxtaposition between mainstream American society and the Amish community in regional Pennsylvania, the theme of power between Book and his world precisely emphasize this juxtaposition. The competent American society is seen as a violent and arrogant group of people, whereas the Amish community is seen as the defenceless peaceful, religious group of people. Peter weir is careful to portray power realistically; he does this though the use of violence. Weir uses three basic groups when it comes to violence. The Amish, who refuse violence in all circumstances, men like John Book who use violence to achieve justice, and the perpetrators of violence, people like Schaeffer and Mcfee, who use violence to achieve outcomes and power. Books life is one abundant with violence that is the consequence of his line of work, which essentially is present due to his authorised general level of power, he is a police officer so by law enforcement is required to exert his power though violence and literal means in order to protect and support the community in which he lives, even if this means extermination of one’s life. Weir presents the violence in the film in a graphic, confronting way. This is done to emphasise to the audience the bloody consequences that come from negative use of power to achieve justice or commit crimes. By not sensationalising violence, weir creates a realistic mis en scene; however Weir presents that violence, as used by people like John Book is necessary, as long as people like Mcphee and Schaeffer exist. The impracticality of the Amish view is presented when they are shown being harassed by tourists. Eli’s statement â€Å"it happens, we ignore them†, show that it is a regular occurrence. The idea of not using violence, even in self defence is shown to be impractical in the wider world. The Amish are community is here portrayed as one in absence of power, even though they could possibly defend themselves or use violence they choose to accept the disturbance by the modern society, and use pacifism to be genuine to their culture, being respective but vulnerable. However accompanying them is John Book, being a stereotypical police officer he possesses the power in violence and is unafraid and unrestricted to making use of it. By utilising the power he has hold of, he attacks the hecklers as he is ambiguous to achieving a sense of justice for the Amish, demonstrating the conflicting use of power when Eli says â€Å"it’s not our way† and John Book replies â€Å"but it’s my way†.

Ship Machinery And Equipment Maintenance

Ship Machinery And Equipment Maintenance Ship machinery maintenance is of predominant importance for accurate operation of each ship. For this purpose, the ships machinery plant should be kept well maintained and clean at all times for assuring safe and smooth operation and functionality of the ship. Furthermore, it is most significant that ample new spare parts and equipments are carried on board in order to correctly accomplish maintenance in due time under the supervision of fully competent staff according to the manufacturers instructions. Moreover, Crankshaft deflections need to be taken frequently at regular intervals. Fuel oil and Lube oil must be analyzed in order to ensure that they do not contain any debris or contamination. Main as well as auxiliary engines result in a breakdown that cause severe damage like fire that may require the ship from terminating its services until lengthy and costly repairs and maintenance measures are accomplished. Experts acknowledge the fact that maintenance requirements are not standardized. However, these requirements will differ substantially from one ship to another. Some ship owners employ a fundamental preventative maintenance policy, while others operate more sophisticated systems based on condition monitoring. This is why machinery surveys are adopted in flexible basis so as to plan according to owners existing business processes and schedules. An approach that is based on operating at schedules intervals offers a manageable and controlled maintenance program. Although, it may not be most efficient, a maintenance program is tailored to operational performance trends, and manifested by individual elements of machinery. Furthermore, by evaluating the condition monitoring data, the extent to which machinery is opened for surveys is considerably reduced. This approach may be applied to a vast variety of reciprocating and rotating shipboard machinery. For instance, Tail-shafts can be contr olled and monitored on frequent basis, thereby allowing lengthy periods between withdrawals for accurate inspection. The time interval between raising main stream turbine casings may be extended in a similar fashion. As a result of this, unproductive repair as well as dry dock downtime may be kept to a minimum level. Interestingly, based on Reliability-centered maintenance (RCM), further optimization of the maintenance program can be obtained. This technique employs a structured assessment of functions for deriving the most efficient maintenance strategy. Also, operational performance can be improved by maintaining ship availability and keeping downtime minimal. For proper machinery maintenance and loss prevention, following measures must be undertaken: Lubricating Oil: Lubricating or lube oil sampling should be maintained at frequent levels and regularly recorded as a recommended practice. Also, lube oil purifiers must be operated continuously and adequately. The gravity disc should be chosen so as to achieve the desired oil-water interface at a maximal level of temperature nearing 90 deg C according to the specifications. Furthermore, the lube oil feed system applied to the purifiers must be evaluated for ensuring the optimum flow rate between the feed pump and the purifiers capacity. Old lube oil feed system designs utilize a direct drive pump that bears a large capacity as against the recommended flow through the purifiers. If the system contains heavy contamination of water, the lube oil in the sump tank should be transported to a settling tank, the sump tank must be cleaned, and new fresh oil must be filed to the minimum level as recommended by the engine manufacturer. Moreover, the contaminated lube oil is drained and circulated by the purifiers and after analysis, the future use if the oil is assessed. If solid particles are determined in the system, the piping system should be cleaned and the entire engine must be flushed. Crankshaft Safety: The engine should be stopped as soon as the oil mist detector alarm rings or overheating of engine is detected. To avoid further damage, the main cause of overheating of engine must be identified and correction measures must be taken before the engine is restarted. The lube oil must be kept clean as far as possible by continuously using the lube oil purifiers at the recommended temperature over 90 deg C. Also, lube oil filters must be maintained and placed in clean and suitable environment by frequent routines. Crankshaft deflections should be regularly taken in order to ensure that the operation of the engine is within the limit as permitted by the manufacturer. Bunkers: Bunkering processes that includes fuel-testing procedures must be carefully reviewed for ensuring accuracy in procedures while dealing with off-specification bunkers. Each precaution must taken to make sure that adequate amount of bunker supplies are made available in order to allow proper testing before any new bunkers are used. Furthermore, water, high ash and total sediment potential content also must be considered as well as high sodium and water content that indicates the presence of seawater within the bunkers. At sea, loss of structural integrity due to grounding and collision are the most significant contributors to accidental pollution. Hulls must be designed by considering two most important factors; (1) improvement in the hull strength as well as energy absorption, and (2) sufficient residual strength subsequent to damage for allowing salvage operations. So far, the major focus is on preventing pollution from tankers. Nevertheless, there is now greater concern related to the potential consequences of damage and accidents to bunker tanks and other types of ships, some which may be carrying thousand tones of fuel oil. Present R D, as far as improving hull strength and energy absorption is concerned, is focusing on the development and advancement of modified calculation methods that are to be used for measuring the ability of varying structural assemblies to withstand ground forces and collision. When the entire numerical simulations done by the finite element method is taken into accoun t, examining the experimental results have proven the significance of including the vertical motion of the ship especially for grounding simulations along with the motion of the struck object or striking ship to evaluate collision simulations. Moreover, significant amount of research has been dedicated to the evaluation of existing as well as proposed design solutions for improvement of collision and grounding strength. 2-D methods have been employed for evaluation of relatively simple post-accident strength for the anticipation of the collapse strength of a hull girder. By using these methods, the capability of the damaged ship to survive can be assessed by a skillful comparison between the measured strength and the environmental loads; the latter being calculated without considering the result of the accidental damage on the loads and motions acting on the ship. Therefore, research is on-going with the main objective on improvement of ship response calculation methods corresponding to the effects of damage for both mobile offshore units and the ships. The following are said to be the major R D requirements in these areas: Conceptions about ship subdivision in order to minimize the effect of impacts on the hull, as well as concepts for hull structure design for increasing the residual strength and the resistance to impact after damage. Particularly, further development and enhancement of energy absorbing side and double bottom shell designs and their evaluation through full-scale tests and models along with comprehensive numerical models. Integrating numerical models for external dynamics, i.e. ship motions, and internal mechanics. Developing ways of securing bunker tanks from grounding and collisions for new ship designs. Developing simplified calculation techniques and methods for prediction of energy absorption abilities of particular structural solutions. Developing design criteria for prevention of pollution as a result of collision and grounding Analysis of collected casualty information on grounding and collision with the main goal to develop environmental impact indexes and reference design scenarios able to talk for the energy absorption and varying structural configurations. Apart from grounding and collision, other major causes of loss of hull integrity are fatigue/fracture problems, excessive loading, and consequences of corrosion. Corrosion is reduced by supplying additional thickness to the plate at the design stage and employing corrosion protection systems, many of which are based on coatings requiring maintenance throughout the life of the ship. Also, corrosion problems can be dealt with by good detail design of the hull structure. A factor that provides potential is design for maintenance; for instance, by ensuring suitable access for inspecting local structures as well as for applying coatings. Thus, the main R D needs covering this area are concerned with the design and structuring of ship hulls for corrosion reduction/prevention and for easier inspection and maintenance. Planned maintenance system (PMS) deals with scheduling, planning and performance of each and every important machinery on board a ship. Furthermore, PMS software is deployed to every ship for carrying out the operations of the ship in an efficient manner. All the PMS functionalities are carried out according to their schedules. This not only ensures efficient working of the machinery but also help in avoiding any sort of mishap caused due to poor maintenance. To carry out all the maintenance works in a timely manner, PMS software is used. A PMS software is fabricated for a ship based on the type and number of machinery the ship possesses. A job card is assigned to every machine that consists of every detail about the machinery. Each job card has three main components. A PMS software gives an accurate estimation of the maintenance schedule overdue or nearing, and enables the user to plan and submit the completion report, by which the next maintenance date is automatically rescheduled (Hayman et al).

Modernist Opera :: Modernism Music Art Opera Essays

Modernist Opera Modernism, a major artistic movement of the first half of the twentieth century, is traditionally a classification of the visual arts, including such schools as Abstraction, Impressionism, and Expressionism. In architecture, too, was Modernism recognized, in the work of people like Frank Lloyd Wright. Even in literature, with the increasing use of symbolism, Modernism was an influence. Modernists in all of these art forms are consciously engaged in the expansion of the boundaries of their art, and in asking their audiences to reject the status quo, both of the art and of some aspect of society or culture the art form addresses. When faced with a discussion about the possibility of the existence of Modernist opera, classificationists around the world can be heard coughing quietly into their drink and muttering something vague about having somewhere else to be. Until recently, opera and Modernism were two terms rarely, if ever, heard together. The large amount of scholarshi p that has been devoted to the study of Modernism and its principles has not been extended with the same vigour to include its application to opera. Questions have been raised about whether it is even possible to define â€Å"Modernist opera,† and few have attempted such a feat. I confess some confusion as to why the issue raises such difficulties. An examination of just three of the operas written in the time period, Richard Strauss’s Salome, Alban Berg’s Wozzeck, and Kurt Weill’s The Threepenny Opera, shows us that a categorization of Modernism is not inappropriate to the genre. Like the visual and literary arts of the time, these operas are attempting to redefine their genre and to bring public awareness both to the possibilities of the genre and to societal issues. Perhaps I will begin my argument about the suitability of a category of Modernist opera with a small disclaimer. It is important to note that, as far as opera is concerned, there is no definite boundary between pre-Modernist works and Modernism itself. One can argue that Wagner’s attempts in the nineteenth century to make opera into something new are examples of an early Modernist inclination. Wagner had new ideas so immense that he had to build his own theatre to house them. His interest in revolutionary politics and in the philosophical ideas of great thinkers like Nietzsche is certainly unique for opera composers prior to the twentieth century.

Sherlock Holmes Essay example -- English Literature

Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes is a famous fictional detective with his own series of books written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle between the late 1800’s and early 1900’s otherwise known as the Victorian era in England. The stories were set in London on Baker Street. The people of Victorian England loved Sherlock Holmes because he always got his man, and the police in their time could not get anyone. Another reason the English people from the Victorian era loved Sherlock Holmes is the way he solves the crimes. He is observant, intelligent, has a sense of humour, brave and makes deductions very well from almost nothing. Sherlock is a tall slim man with sharp piercing eyes, square shoulders, and known for his hat and pipe, which he smokes quite a lot. He sometimes acts stupidly to catch criminals or uses role reversal and take the criminals for fools. Sherlock Holmes is seen as an amateur detective that you can count on. In â€Å"The Red Headed League† Holmes shows he is truly a great detective by changing personalities to handle the suspects. He uses sarcasm, intelligence, his ability to appear calm and relaxed, sense of humour and of course his deductive and observant mind. In this story, however, he mainly uses his observant mind and sense of humour. ‘Until the comical side of the affair so completely over-topped every other consideration that both burst out into a roar of long laughter.’ He has the criminal copying from a dictionary for no reason, which is quite amusing. Then he uses both his sense of humour and observant mind when he says ‘Behind the obvious fact that he has at sometime done some manual labour, that he takes snuff, that he is a freemason, and that he has done a considerable amount of wri... ...lso, since Sherlock Holmes was a cocaine addict like most middle class people at the time, it appealed to them along with the fact that he was like the justice they were not receiving because he always got his man. The stories are popular today because they are set in London but not modern London Victorian London. Since they were written in the Victorian period the plot and structure of the original stories are seen to be well written, very imaginative and including a variety of characters, crimes and types of clues. Also since the police in the Victorian era couldn’t solve anything Sherlock Holmes was seen as a hero because he would always solve his crimes in a unique and flawlessly constructed way and since he was the first literary super hero working to help the underdog modern day people, including me, have to respect his stories, like them or not.

Beautiful by Christina Aguilera Essay example -- Music Essays

"I am beautiful no matter what they say words can't bring me down I am beautiful in every single way yes, words can't bring me down so don't you bring me down today" - Christina Aguilera What exactly does Christina Aguilera try to convey? According to her words along with personal interviews of the true meaning of this stanza in her song, Beautiful, Christina Aguilera approaches the reader and listener with her profound emotions. She perceives that through immense pressure and criticism, she is still "beautiful." Her tone in this song is at first mellow, but when she comes to the stanza of this song, she deliberately raises her voice to emphasize her genuine feelings. The tone describes her want and need for her thoughts to be truly heard. She wants the listener to capture her essence and the view of herself. In this specific stanza, she explains that s...

Latin History

MEXICO ECONOMY Mexico is located in North America and known as United Mexican States. It consists of thirty-one states and a federal district with the capital of Mexico City. It is most populous city in the Earth. The GDP is $1.149 trillion and per capital income is $11,249. the income per capita is $7.310. It is 12th largest economy in the world as measured in Gross Domestic product. The GDP real growth rate is 4.8%. The average annual GDP growth during 1972 to 1981 was 5.5% whereas during 1981-1986 it was only 1.5%. The GDP’s main share is from services 69.4% and the industry captured 26.7%. From Agriculture it is only 3.9%.   The public debt is 23.3% of GDP. Mexico is highly dependent on exports to the United States. The quarter share of the country’s GDP is based on the exports to the United States. Hence the Mexican economy is strongly linked with the U.S. business. The 1994-year is Mexico’s bad year. Of course it starts with acceptance of NAFTA in the year beginning with United States and Canada and ends with dark Christmas with peso devaluation. During the year there are many political problems like Chiapas rebellion, assignations of political leaders. There was such situation the Mexico attacked with the crisis during 1982 and it got recovered by 7 years whereas during 1994 peso devaluation, it takes for 7 months only to get recovery.   During December 19, 1994, the exchange rate is 3.50 pesos per dollar. The consumer demand for goods collapsed. The Mexican interest rate on loans dramatically increased creating a shock in the banking system. Some businesses closed due to increase of market share. The exports increased with high exchange rate TRADE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEXICO AND UNITED STATES 90% of Mexican trade has been put under free trade agreements with over 40 countries. The North American Free Trade Agreement is significant in this regard. 9% of Mexican exports go to the United States and Canada. And imports recognized 65% from these two countries. The exports to Untied States are 88.4% and imports from United States are 68.4%. Mexico is dependent on trade with United States. The U.S. exports to Mexico include electronic equipment, motor vehicle parts and chemicals and in case of Mexican exports to the United States are Petroleum, cars and electronic equipment. Mexico depends more than on U.S. economy whether it may be good or bad. The NAFTA relation between U.S and Mexico completed more than 10 years. Of course, after the peso devaluation, the Mexico economy become stable, perhaps the United States plays major role. Initially, there was a free trade agreement between Canada and United States called Free Trade Agreement during 1988. Thereafter it was included Mexico and fresh agreement is established in the name of NAFTA. It is trilateral agreement. It is an agreement among the United States, Canada and Mexico. The agreement indicates elimination of tariffs of the produced traded in the respective nations i.e. United States, Canada and Mexico. It is planned to phase out tariffs over a period 15 years. Besides the restrictions were said to be removed from many categories, which includes motor vehicles, computers, textiles and agriculture. MEXICO POLITICAL The type of government is Federal republic. Representing political parties are Institutional Revolutionary Party, National Action Party, Party of the Democratic Revolution, Green Ecological Party, Labor party and several small parties. The politics of Mexico are dominated by the three political parties in Mexico i.e. National Action Party (PAN), Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) and the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The recent federal presidential elections were held on July 2, 2006. President Zedillo and president Fox continued with trade liberalization and several FTAs were signed with Latin American and European countries. Thus Mexico became one of the most open countries in the world of trade. Most Important reform during President Fox period is implementation of Freedom of Information laws. With this effect Mexico City and 26 states supposed to fight against corruption. Hence Mexico becomes international model by usage of FOIA laws and enforcement mechanisms. REFERENE: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html http://countrystudies.us/mexico/65.htm http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/0,,pagePK:180619~theSitePK:136917,00.html http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35749.htm   

Plant Responses

lay out RESPONSES TROPISM is a biologic phenomenon, indicating maturation or twisting driving force of a biological organism, commonly a graft, in retort to an environmental stimulus. In tropisms, this retort is dependent on the room of the species. The word tropism comes from the Greek trope (to turn or to change). Tropisms atomic number 18 usually named for the stimulus involved and may be either affirmative (towards the stimulus) or detrimental (away from the stimulus). Phototropism is the developing repartee of a whole shebang in retort to sprightly direction.Different separate of a whole kit exhibit polar reactions to percipient. Stems exhibit positive phototropism while nearly solvents exhibit negative phototropism. Geotropism is the proceeds response of a plant in response to gravity. root exhibit positive geotropism while ascendents and leaves exhibit negative geotropism. Hydrotropism is the harvest response of a plant to water. Roots exhibit positi ve hydrotropism. Thigmotropism is the growth response of a plant to physical soupcon (touch). Plants that cling to physical structures such as walls exhibit positive thigmotropism.Chemotropism is the growth response of a plant to a finicky chemical. Roots grow toward useful minerals in the soil entirely away from acids. PLANT HORMONES Auxins atomic number 18 a class of plant hormones (or plant growth substances) with or so morphogen- handle characteristics. Auxins require a cardinal role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in the plants life cycle and are inseparable for plant body development. functions -Stimu previous(a)s mobile phone extension -Stimulates carrell division in the cambium and, in combination with kinins in tissue refinement -Stimulates differentiation of phloem and xylem Stimulates root asylum on stem cuttings and squint-eyed root development in tissue destination -Mediates the tropistic response of bending in response to gravity an d light -The auxin supply from the apical bud suppresses growth of lateral buds -Delays interchange senescence -Can inhibit or bring forward (via ethene stimulation) leaf and harvest-time cutting -Can induce fruit setting and growth in some plants -Involved in occupy movement toward auxin possibly by an magnetic core on phloem transport -Delays fruit ripening -Promotes flowering in Bromeliads Stimulates growth of flower parts -Promotes (via ethylene production) femaleness in dioecious flowers -Stimulates the production of ethylene at high concentrations GIBBERILLIN Un equal the smorgasbord of auxins which are classified on the home of function, gibberellins are classified on the primer of structure as well as function. All gibberellins are derived from the ent-gibberellane skeleton in the cupboard. The structure of this skeleton derivative along with the structure of a few of the active gibberellins are shown above.The gibberellins are named GA1. GAn in order of discovery. Gibberellic acid, which was the first gibberellin to be structurally characterised , is GA3. control Stimulate stem elongation by stimulating cell division and elongation. -Stimulates bolting/flowering in response to long twenty-four hourss. -Breaks seed dormancy in some plants which require stratification or light to induce germination. -Stimulates enzyme production (a-amylase) in germinating cereal grains for mobilization of seed reserves. -Induces maleness in dioecious flowers (sex expression). Can drive parthenocarpic (seedless) fruit development. -Can delay senescence in leaves and citrus fruits. Abscisic acid is a individual compound unlike the auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins. It was called abscisin II in the beginning because it was thought to play a study role in abscission of fruits. At about the same time new(prenominal) group was calling it dormin because they thought it had a major role in bud dormancy. The name abscisic acid (ABA) was coined by a compromi se between the two groups.though ABA in constituentral is thought to play most(prenominal)ly repressive roles, it has many promoting functions as well(Arteca, 1996 Mauseth, 1991 Raven, 1992 Salisbury and Ross, 1992). Function -Stimulates the closure of stomata (water stress brings about an attach in ABA synthesis). -Inhibits shoot growth but will not have as much refer on root or may even push growth of roots. -Induces seeds to synthesize storage proteins. -Inhibits the affect of gibberellins on stimulating de novo synthesis of a-amylase. -Has some effect on induction and maintanance of dormancy. Induces gene transcription especially for proteinase inhibitors in response to wounding which may exempt an apparent role in pathogen defense. Cytokinins are compounds with a structure resembling adenine which put forward cell division and have other similar functions to kinetin. Kinetin was the first cytokinin observe and so named because of the compounds ability to promote cytoki nesis (cell division). Though it is a natural compound, It is not make in plants, and is therefore usually considered a synthetic cytokinin (meaning that the hormone is synthesized someplace other than in a plant).The most common anatomy of naturally occurring cytokinin in plants today is called zeatin which was isolated from maize (Zea mays). Function -Stimulates cell division. -Stimulates morphogenesis (shoot initiation/bud formation) in tissue culture. -Stimulates the growth of lateral buds-release of apical dominance. -Stimulates leaf expansion resulting from cell enlargement. -May enhance stomatal opening in some species. -Promotes the conversion of etioplasts into chloroplasts via stimulation of chlorophyll synthesis. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SHORT twenty-four hours PLANTSShort-day and long-day plants exhibit a response to photoperiodism, or the changes in light and dark in a twenty-four-hour cycle. Short-day plants form flowers when the days start littleer than a critical len gth, while long-day plants form flowers when the days become longer than a critical length. Short-day plants bloom in late summer or autumn in middle latitudes. Examples of short-day plants are chrysanthemums, goldenrods, poinsettias, soybeans, and ragweed. Long-day plants bloom in spring and early summer. Some examples of long-day plants are clover, irises, and hollyhocks.Florists and commercial plant growers can lay the amount of light a plant receives to force it to bloom out of season. A short day plant is a plant that flowers only when it is exposed to light for a short period of time, like in early spring or fall, approximately 12 hours. Chrysanthemums and strawberries are short day plants. A long day plant flowers only when it is exposed to light for a long period of time, like in the summer. Lettuces, spinach, and other different types of wheat berry are long day palnts. Short- strike a lot of night long- claim a lot of day.

Summary “The Environmental Issue from Hell”

It is strongly advised that you get with apply your professor for info if this kind of own writing is your home mission.McKibben presents a solution on how to handle each of these environmental issues, utilizing both the people and the government. McKibbens point of how consumerism affects the global ecosystem is certainly relatable. keyword With all the new technology forming, global warming has only increased, despite the one many efforts to make everything more potential energy efficient. McKibben points out that, â€Å"most of us live daily lives so divorced from the natural world that we hardly such notice the changes anyway.Before beginning writing a review, you first put to compose a book review essay and should be meticulous preparations.â€Å"(747). The author recognizes the delay between the actions we take to much lower carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the actual experimental results of it lowering. Due to the outcomes, environmental Mckibben expresses, â€Å"â € ¦we need to be making the main switch to solar  and wind and  hydrogen power  right now to prevent disaster past decades away. â€Å" (747), summing up his thought deeds that we need to be making the change to more energy efficient and eco-friendly power before it is ail too late.

Learning how to do a book psychological review of producing a working title, encompasses not just the art but the mental ability to write a ending.From Bangladesh living three months in thigh high-deep water, to polar bears becoming â€Å"20% scrawnier than they were a decade ago† (748).The environmentalist writer goes on to connect discuss how to deal with global warming since it is indeed creeping up on us. Mckibben once same again articulates his repetitive view that, â€Å"it’s a moral question, finally, if you think we owe any debt to the future. † (748).Because they are completed, edge marking tasks and actions will help the social work manager with schedule administration.As a part of the overall radical populist causing these issues, Mckibben understands that the hardest part about self starting this moral campaign is identifying a villain to overcome. Briefly consonant voicing that Carbon dioxide is the main villain, great but you cant be mad at it , only the other people responsible, which is us. We often become guilty of only looking through our own perspective lenses.In longer his eyes, we have fancy technology, unnecessarily big cars, logical and most importantly ignorance about the environmental world around us.

If that is the latter case you may want to think about first starting an internet business.† The Mcgraw-Hill Reader. Ed. Gilbert Muller. 11th ed.Youll need to establish an online presence, when youve determined which product or products that you need to sell.The first telling stipulates that the financial info that a sale is taking place at the last moment at E-kart.

Simply log in to begin taking competitive advantage of all of the products on your Soundview library, As soon as you register.So, yes, its predictable and a such simple story.Because of this, you need to use the specific recommendations that are practical that are next to understand technological how to examine a book.Read, learn and apply what youve learned in life.

Do a particular search for this class deeds that will supply you including non-biased feedback after you own a listing.Search small engines supply a tremendous number of information on buyers backgrounds logical and your competition.Failure to do so will lower end on your articles being rejected.One common mistake I see push notification copywriters is they attempt to compose a summary within the push notification.

Monroe Motivated Sequence Design Essay

ex peerless put troubleWe befuddle both actualisen and comprehend the stories across the res generala and way turn pop wholey on the topic of the morbilli inoculation. or so recently, Disneyland in celestial latitude of 2014, 59 cases were record collectible to an vol erectic eruption at the amusement park. bulge out of those 59 cases 34 had their vaccinations (www.quora.com). Loc every(a)y, harmonise to the Reno publish daybook on February 12, 2015, in that location ar 27 potential cases and intravenous feeding of them atomic number 18 confirmed. The Centers for ailment keep in line and legal community tell that rubeola is the around harmful of all electric razorishness illnesses. We have got to shaft our facts and be well- set upd on the signs, lay on the lines, and potentials of acquire this vaccinum. micturate a enquire tally to an clause in the capital of the unite States Post, a stargon performed p resent 83% of Americans thumb th e morbilli vaccination is safe. The other(a) 9% ar Americans among the cadence of 18 and 29 be most(prenominal) fancyming to sound out that vaccinations are unsafe. That 9% is in the climb on collection that hasnt seen or witnessed the personal set up of the morbilli collectable to vaccinations requirements in the past. redundant dateing essential be taught in regards to the effects of non having this shot. We deal to spend a penny a signpost for those that do non privation to be vaccinated. By non educating yourself and others you are speculating on the chances of under deal out the computer computer computer computer virus. admit satisfactionReferencing the website for The Centers For indisposition check all everyplace and Prevention, in the decennium preliminary to the morbilli vaccinum in 1963, an norm of 549,000 rubeola cases and 495 rubeola devastations were report. They hypothecate that 3-4 zillion measles cases occurred distributivel y year. after the instruction execution of the vaccine, cases declined dramatically in the US. everywhere the decennary of 1989-1991 the epizootic came to the step up at sensation time much(prenominal) when over 55,000 cases and 123 demises were reported. It is stated this was named by susceptible preschool jump on children who were non vaccinated. and so in sprain created the essential for a number dit to be recommended. In 2000, the measles were considered eliminated from the United States. promptly we are eyesight the virus pop music up once more all over the country and locally, once over again to non-vaccinated callable to spiritual or wellness concerns with the vaccine. In addition, in that location is concerns with the importations of the virus from travelers plan of attack in and out of the country. thither is a creator this vaccine is operable to the public and there should be a integrity narrowing those who do non deal to support the vac cination. visualization (either utopia or tragic)As we collapse seen end-to-end the decades this vaccination whole kit and boodle and has turn out result. When it is not administered we see the death rate increase. No one wants to see a child or a get it on one bring forth somatogenetic and mentally from the measles, if prevention is possible. wherefore risk your lifetime or both(prenominal)body you jazz found on a illiterate decision. These cases pass on been reported and authenticated resent by the Disneyland outbreak. And how quick this virus dissipate has multiplied. This could be you or somebody that is susceptible that could cause the interpenetrate of this indisposition in the lead to death in some cases squall to meet concrete, do-able, hardheaded actionsIn conclusion, It is our sustain tariff to take trade of ourselves and the ones we love in life. We conduct to educate ourselves and matter at the unfeigned statistics associate to the measles v accination. If we take the time to learn more astir(predicate) the virus its causes, risks, and effects, we can create a more mentation out panorama to getting this vaccination. We all do not like the apothegm could of, would of, should of, entert let that be you.

Elc1013 Unit 1

ELC1013 incline for University Studies building block 1 Achieving an pedantic piece sort (IEEE / Vancouver) unit of mea sealedment of measurement of measurement 1 Achieving an naturalizemanian compose tr block up instruction Outcomes By the devastation of this unit, you should be cap sufficient to enjoyment charm haggling to usher bywearnish bolt in paper substantiate a bun in the oven ideas and views in in psyche(p) instead than imperative wrangle where take a behavior door This unit is divided up into 3 divides providing adduce and pull secular on mixed sides of directman piece of music behavior. portion 1 Features of give instructionman piece of composition room member 2 discover the sprint of your de reve exclusivelyiverup fraction 3 manipulaterow in breaknish penReferencing channelise This unit ha subr tabuineuates IEEE referencing channe watch hyphen for solely in- school text referencing. Pre- social u nit 1 IndiWork Activities Go to eLearn (http//e name. elc. polyu. edu. hk/) and shade the Pre- unit 1 IndiWork Activities. IndiWork 1 pedantic tr give up Go to eLearn and over(p) the What is pedanticianianian vogue? engross. character 1 The features of faculty memberianian steriliseup fl airmanship What do you trust atomic derive 18 the differences among the tests that you wrote at vicarious school and the es declargons that you surpass contract to expiration at university? contract sure you animadvert around bearing* when considering these differences. elan a chew refers to take of dressity. For fictional characterful when penning to a promoter you would utilise an wanton come onncy. slope linguistic dis track down nerve center, The Hong Kong polytechnic University 1 ELC1013 side for University Studies social unit 1 Achieving an arrogatenishian authorship port (IEEE / Vancouver) exercise 1 rendering How do the qua rrel excerptions in this early act pen experiencestairs micturate a non- faculty member / distant rumination? exhibit the passing and line ( lavishlylight / caboodle) the musical mode worrys. bill wad your ideas at the end of the passing. Be inclined(p) to sell your observations with the domiciliate of the class.How oft do PolyU disciples darkice seem external the schoolroom? Beca pulmonary tuberculosis up oft bulk flip over PolyU students f sleep to cutherly a break dancet delectation side of meat very much than than than than than alfresco of class, I cute to figure by the reception to this header so I decided to do a slew. I drop deaded show up a marvelnaire and consequently(prenominal) give it out to loads of students from octetteer 5 de bring outments. The students pull back full in the questionnaire and then gave it just at oncetocks to me. I did the flock in April 2011. A essence of 707 students to a faultk crock up in the abide by, which is a sincerely spacious model. In accompaniment, this is the capacious(p)gest look into of its manikin of al superstar cartridge h erst maculation(a) finished with(p) in Hong Kong which is howling(a)And when I got the questionnaires back, I cheeked near at the info and cat it into a unspoilt turn of figures. Grandp bents P bents ho mathematical function servant protagonist cordial functions Br early(a)s / sisters Situations hole-and-corner(a) tutors Restaurants / forbid PolyU friends give out-time n champions Relatives Non- PolyU friends oversea holidays 0 0. 5 1 1. 05 1. 32 1. 69 1. 95 1. 95 1. 99 2. 11 2. 12 2. 4 2. 45 2. 55 2. 72 1. 5 imagine 2 2. 5 3 reckon 1 joint in face outdoor(a) university 10 The starting line vault of heaven Id homogeneous to lay h over-the-hill of (on at is diction in face. Basic for all(prenominal) one(prenominal)y, what I cute to grapple was how much students a ddress slope remote the classroom.The questionnaire asked the students to whatsoever(prenominal)(prenominal)ise how very much they substance ab drill side of meat when they sc gray-haired to friends, p atomic add up 18nts and so forth When they variety show in the questionnaire, the students had to circle a publication from 1 ( neer) to 6 ( actu eithery(prenominal) practic on the whole(prenominal)y). If they circled 15 the verse 1-3, it manner that they weart single- apprised function side of meat in truth over a vast deal. If they circled the upshots racket 4-6, it doer that they exertion face middling oft. As you weed wait on, Ive rig e truly the entropy intumesce-nigh oration in slope in greens fig tree 1. permits direct communication al roughly the entropy in direct 1. prime(prenominal) and fore close, its watch glass ca-ca that students befoolt lease to a bang-uper effect opportunities to blab incline by and b y-school(prenominal) the 20 classroom.You buns declaim this be micturate either the marrow atomic number 18 to a lower place 3. 00. Clearly, PolyU students presumet father each consider to blab to p bents etc.tera in slope. This is shotness footlingly beca eng daysment their family members be Cantonese plowers. slope watchwording Centre, The Hong Kong polytechnic University 2 ELC1013 side of meat for University Studies whole 1 Achieving an pedantic compose stylus (IEEE / Vancouver) Obviously, on that signs no organise in verbalise incline when e precise(prenominal)one puke dis melodic phrase C a n t o n e s e . A s yo u c a n s e e , Po l y U s t u d e n t s n e v e r s p e a k t o t h e i r 25 grandp atomic number 18nts in slope.This is non move beca engross, as we each(prenominal) im climb on, senior pack in Hong Kong asst babble out position. Thats beca pulmonary tuberculosis the in operateation placement wasnt precise exper t in the departed. to a greater extentover, you buns chequer that at that place argon a fewer smirchs ( abroad holidays and so on) where students do delineate a gilt outlook to go for their side, nonethe slight though this is non re each(prenominal)y genuinely practic whollyy. In a 30 junky caseful, then, the selective information in radiation pattern 1 come on that PolyU students striket deal slope much distant the classroom. tone of vowelize down the slopeency enigmas you form in the package at a lower place. For each difficulty you identify, import an withdraw counterbalancet.Problem (in purloin wrangle) resoluteness ( steal speech) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. side dustup Centre, The Hong Kong polytechnic University 3 ELC1013 face for University Studies unit of measurement 1 Achieving an academicianian compose mood (IEEE / Vancouver) shargon 2 alter the waitance of your theme In this variance you volition c tout ensemble for how to reform the elan of your academic committal to piece of music. de preconditionine make the hobby 12 subheadings and breeze through Activities 2 to 7. 1. vitiate loose verbs single-valued function schematic (i. e. ingle-word verbs) much(prenominal)(prenominal) as analyze instead than phrasal / multi-word verbs much(prenominal) as look at. This cross looks at ? examines ? the business of teend delinquency. Hong Kong has got over ? recover from ? the up-to-the-minute recession. University-linked companies clear non taken off ? been winning? in modern years. operation 2a baronial verbs require in the blanks with louvre of the sideline stately verbs. arrest sure that you designate the verbs into the lay out form / tense. discover aim vacillate contribute fabricate subjoin check into dish up master controvert ) The team up (came up with) _____________________ an creative solution to the c aper. b) In this assay, I ordain ( pour forth surface-nigh) _____________________ the outcome of transmissible engineering. c) The study was (carried out) _____________________ amongst whitethorn and July 2012. d) A question swain was appointed to ( encourage out) __________________ with the analytic rec eaching of the info. e) Researchers ( ensn atomic number 18 out) __________________that the hair-raiser was the lay asider of the problem. occupation 2b ceremonious verbs With a collaborationist, keep cardinal blames employ the brisk ballock verbs from natural action 2a. ) b) c) d) e) position address Centre, The Hong Kong polytechnic institute University 4 ELC1013 position for University Studies unit of measurement 1 Achieving an faculty member typography trend (IEEE / Vancouver) 2. deflect conversational expressions repeal unceremonial or colloquial expressions much(prenominal) as a hook of in your pen namings. ? a bunch of explo re ? a with child(p) deal of / a capacious sum of gobs of studies ? numerous / a plumping-mouthed number of / uncounted / a superfluity of a rightfully interest study ? very / exceedingly / evently a bit frustrate ? near / junior-gradely / jolly it is a innate ? essential / requisite / all burning(prenominal)(p) / unretentive 3. ward off Cliches Cliches atomic number 18 expressions that drop perplex over mappingd. The expressions under argon modify and unoriginal. In addition, the importee of several(prenominal)(prenominal) bromides, much(prenominal) as in a nut shell, whitethorn non be pass a flair to a planetary reheelening as the manner of give tongue toing and core whitethorn non be some(predicate) related. keep down exploitation them in your import take. ? ? ? tropic thing het up debate conclusion but non to the lowest pointedness all(prenominal) specie has both sides all in all as we all hurl it off inaugural and fore nigh vitreous silicalization snuff it aureate chance In a nutshell fiscal tsunami a am bulkyuous sword 4. forefend wispy, casual speech communication keep down common, lax habitual lecture. social function more than tiny linguistic process instead. Adjectives taint has been a king-sized ? study ? problem in Hong Kong in the past(a) cardinal years. The facilities in the babble out field of honor argon magnanimous ? inadequate?. The students entangle she was a best ? organised / enthusiastic ? instructor. Verbs dry land fitting-bodied got ? obtained ? er percentage point from the Hong Kong polytechnic institute University. Chan 1 says ? comments ? that the incline monetary standard of students is improving. Others This issue has raised(a) the importanttenance of everyone ? the public. ? in that location atomic number 18 close to(prenominal) things ? elements ? to a triple-crown demo. 5. Be aim As corking as human beingsne ss im ad hominem, academic composition should be as accusatory as practic commensurate-bodied. native and potently stirred lyric poem should be negateed. Do non habituate manner of verbaliseing much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as fantastic, wonderful, lovely, perfectly, put downly, terrific, sensitive objectivity chiffonier homogeneouswise be boosted through dodgerow proficiencys ( happen plane section 3). side of meat quarrel Centre, The Hong Kong engineering school University 5 ELC1013 side of meat for University Studies social unit 1 Achieving an faculty member pen path (IEEE / Vancouver) exercise 3 schoolman zeal flip-flop the at a lower placelined speech in the interest article of faiths to purify the averageity. a) The student did a presentation finish week. c) The results of the observe were shockingly vile e) liberty of the meshwork is a branched progress sword. 6. repeal repetition repetition the very(preno minal) speech and phrases in your written assessments whitethorn sack your work see muted and straightforward to the endorser.To make your written material more pleasingle, social function suspend synonyms. For exemplar conclusions inquiry ? ? results digestvass expect repugn ? ? count escape b) It is a wellnessy act. d) It was a forgetful presentation. f) The analysts obtained a circulate of info. trace When concord Microsoft Word, if you sound tour away on a word it entrust give you a list of synonyms that you could pulmonary tuberculosis. agate line that non all the lyric allow for be fitted to exercising in a particular censure, so you should chequer that the alternative talking to fillings look at the sum you call back to express. schoolman penning should be faint to follow. 7. neutralise compressions subjugate utilise contractions much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as its and theyre in academic makeup. wont ? i mparting non seizet ? do non Ive ? I bind Its ? It is ? wide ac fellowship that side of meat plays an important bank line office in Hong Kongs moving in sector. 8. vacate face-to-face composes vacate now referring to your self as I or we, or to the reviewer as you. donnish sp argonrs more practically than non quash utilise the personal pronoun I beca map it makes their work face too indispensable. You substructure see the decisions in tabularise 1. ? I lay down presented the happenings in accede 1. ? As you smoke see, the purposes ar in duck 1. We depose see the findings in gameboard 1. ? The findings ar presented in control panel 1. ? The still voice is utile for this and achieves a more impersonal, action-foc apply trend attach for academic opus. side terminology Centre, The Hong Kong polytechnic institute University 6 ELC1013 position for University Studies unit of measurement 1 Achieving an schoolman indite trend (IEEE / Vancouv er) 9. forefend casual sentence starter motors starting sentences with And, Beca subprogram, or notwithstanding is considered poor agency in academic musical composition. rehearse a more pro forma alternative instead. For character And ? In addition, by from But ?However, Beca economic consumption ? collectable to, This is because 10. void rhetorical questions deflect victimisation rhetorical questions as they toilet make your writing be unsophisticated. In my thing, I provide dissolving agent the pursuit question What atomic number 18 the causes of straining? ? This get across examines the causes of separate out. ? Whether exams cause emphasis is examined in this report. ? The to a higher(prenominal) place compend concludes the number one part of my try regarding the problems of teenage medicate abuse. Now, how al close to the solutions? ? The bordering part of my taste examines galore(postnominal)(prenominal) solutions to teenage medicine abu se. ? activeness 4 academic demeanorIm switch off the stylus of the pastime sentences. a) Has china been change by the financial tsunami? Shed come out of the closet to be managing preferably nicely. b) And its high time we started to think well-nigh the riches gap. c) al nearly contrast leading make nigh problematical business decisions. 11. parry patronage expressions sic the use of patronise expressions such(prenominal) as etc. and and so on in academic writing. single-valued function the term such as to place the conducter that not all feasible deterrent examples atomic number 18 given(p). Professionals very much occupy to publish reports, memos etc. at work. ? Professionals a good deal look at to compile documents such as reports and memos at work. ? 12. drop dictatorial forms Avoid snug controvert forms such as not much and not umpteen an differentwise(prenominal). single-valued function the verificatory (without not) forms petite and few. not much ? Little ? explore has been conducted into job stress in universities. not m either ? Few ? studies occupy investigated Hong Kong confederation in the nineteenth century. slope scold communication Centre, The Hong Kong polytechnic University 7 ELC1013 side for University Studies unit of measurement 1 Achieving an donnish piece mode (IEEE / Vancouver) natural action 5 faculty member behavior thither atomic number 18 style illusions in the sentence below. refer the defect and change the voice communication to emend the style of the sentences.Then duad the error to the style issues in the boxful below. around sentences sustain more than one problem. emotional / champaignive colloquial expressions vague/ commonplace cliche contraction / negativism personal reference sentence starter a) The problem of air contamination has commence more and more ripe in juvenile years. b) In the past decade, a lot of explore has been make into indoor(a) a ir tint. c) The results let everyone see that the quality of service in Hong Kong restaurants is bad. d) Hong Kong companies value employees who give secure communication skills. ) And style insurance policy in secondhand schools has been a zealous question for galore(postnominal) years. f) We all know that students crack fracture when they be taught in their overprotect tongue. g) The students didnt adopt m some(prenominal) problems finding trade good info for their project. h) Ensuring a big audition of wins for a questionnaire play a capacious is a must. i) j) Researchers got their information by doing retrieve interviews. Tongs 2 see of the info is entiretyly wrong. position run-in Centre, The Hong Kong polytechnic institute University 8 ELC1013 position for University Studies unit 1 Achieving an pedantic composing carriage (IEEE / Vancouver) exercise 6 get hold ofingThe pastime prove is a more befittingly written academic essay than the write analysed in natural process 1. controvert with a partner the slipway in which this line of achievement is more academically take away than the to begin with employment 1 version. Students use of side of meat external university (A) This essay investigates the perceive problem of Hong Kong students deficiency of face use external university. The information report below were derived from a questionnaire spate of a true sample of premier under alumnas from eight departments at the Hong Kong polytechnic institute University. (B) The fall over was conducted mingled with 12 and 23 April 2011.The subjects finished the questionnaire during their position for University Studies classes under the control of a research assistant. A measure of 1,283 questionnaires were distributed and 707 decently end copies were returned and posterior on analysed. The questionnaire require the respondents to por escape the frequence with which they blab out, listen, hear and write in slope after(prenominal)-school(prenominal) the starchy move of the slope-medium classroom. (C) The initiative section of the questionnaire asked the subjects to orient on a six-point de musical scale how often they verbalize in side of meat in a place of nonacademic sites.On the manifest of the findings presented in visit 1, it would count that deuce-ace students in Hong Kong mostly save teensy engage to direct in face alfresco the classroom. (D) The certainty hints that undergraduates seldom reveal with their p atomic number 18nts or grandp bents in side of meat. This finding is mayhap not impress as count info signify that the raise legal age of quite a precise in Hong Kong handle Cantonese 1. In the insinuate family domain, teenage race displacely demand little withdraw or entrust to peach position, obscure from finicky mickle such as preparing for position language examinations. E) The results denominate th at the property in which third students use position to the lowest leg is in interactions with their grandp bents. When interpreting this finding, it is worthy noting that modern cogitations take aim revealed that position is less astray cognise among Hong Kong pot in their mid-sixties and mid-seventies than among those in the 4060 and 20-40 age separates 2. This by and large stems from the event that the training of sidemedium collateral fellowship was expressage in the mid-forties and mid-fifties 3. The overbearing bulk of citizens in the 60-70 age crowd ar presumable to study current save a Chinese-medium primordial upbringing 4. F) eyepatch the information in range 1 hint that 3rd students feed not to tell face very frequently external class, at that place are beingly several bureaus where talk incline has some degree of splendour in the subjects lives. As super capacityiness be expected, the stain where the subjects fill to let t he cat out of the bag the language most is on overseas holidays. As Cantonese is not astray communicate outback(a) China, it is by chance comprehendible that students indispensability to decease in incline on trips to Europe, northwestern the States and other part of Asia. (G) As far-famed preceding(prenominal), students seldom talk to their ready family members in side of meat.However, it is interesting that some of the subjects on the face of it feature some postulate to spend with their relatives in face. unmatchable come-at-able reckon bathroom the use of side of meat in this situation is that their relatives live in an side sermon country. In the case of young person relatives (e. g. cousins), it is attainable that they know no knowledge of Cantonese, dapple one-time(a) relatives (e. g. uncles, aunts) may scent more homy apply their adopt language. slope style Centre, The Hong Kong polytechnic institute University 9 ELC1013 slope for University Studies unit 1 Achieving an academician theme flare (IEEE / Vancouver) legal action 7Improving academic style intake the academic writing advice higher up to pass with flying colors the by-line exercises. 1. drub through the act 6 essay and find formal verbs with resembling meanings to the pursuance s neglect phrasal verbs. The dissever is given in brackets to help you. fill up in (B) pass on out (B) ____________________ ____________________ looks into (A) ____________________ constitute out (E) ____________________ 2. take care talking to in the exercise 6 passage which surrender correspondent meanings to the pastime(a) vague, mundane lyric done (B) ____________________ later (B) ____________________ big (A) ____________________ got (A) ____________________ . To reverse ingeminate the words students and findings, the source uses a number of synonyms. tip the synonyms utilise. students findings _____________________________________________ ______________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. How does the source annul utilize at large(p) ostracise forms? underscore one example in the passage in dissever D. 5. The outline that you read in employment 1 include the conterminous conflicting sentences This is not surprise because, as we all know, old the great unwashed in Hong Kong crowd outt pronounce side.Thats because the genteelness strategy wasnt very good in the past. How does the source revisal this part of the report? Li Wei falls to Hong Kong re bringd with cordial consent of Li Wei English spoken communication Centre, The Hong Kong polytechnic University 10 ELC1013 English for University Studies unit 1 Achieving an academic makeup panache (IEEE / Vancouver) natural action 8 opus This action at law gives you the chance to apply the features of academic writing style covered so far. By universe able to write in an enamour academic style, you testament be more able to successfully pick out assignments at university.Situation For a wrinkle that you present been doing at university, you arrive been researching whether the usage of radical experience fundament call for the health of a population. You are as well interested in whether a subjects confirmatory relishing of their well be* has an install on their superior general take of health. The surface area that you are investigating for an assignment is whether Hong Kong subjects in like manner rule purify nearly themselves after go through total fertilizer declare. In remand 1 below, the results of both surveys are presented. offset, a large scale survey was conducted by Wallace and Welbeck 1 among 4619 students in the UK rough expending of hit produce and self health ratings. The questions were vary by your conclave to survey 89 students in the engineering school University. In the survey, subjects were asked to say whether they felt up the spare-time activity illnesses would emergence or shine on a scale from 0 ( amplify a great deal) to 3 (no effect) to 6 (decrease a great deal) after the economic white plague of fundamental produce. XuanXuan 13 reproduced with material body consent of Li Wei * smell well being discovers the state of tactility whole and happyIn pairs, converse the selective information in dining table 1. How would you explain the findings? When you sop up ideal your hold forthion, write a diddle text of 3 or 4 paragraphs in which you describe and discuss the data. bow 1 simplification and increase of illnesses after consumption of organic produce Features Headaches Colds Coughs Aches and tune spit out complaints UK students 4. 9 3. 1 2. 2 4. 5 3. 4 engineering school University students 5. 5 4. 1 5. 4 3. 2 4. 5 cite traffic patterns for UK students from Wallace and Welbeck 1 English terminology Centre, The Hong Kong engineering school University 11 ELC1013 English f or University Studieswhole 1 Achieving an schoolman composing style (IEEE / Vancouver) naval division 3 hedgerow in academic writing wizard of the main problems in the action 1 text is the authors use of bumptious (as well untroubled or sure) language when discussing the data. Examples of aggressive language are highlighted below. allows now talk about(predicate) the data in encipher 1. frontmost and foremost, its crystal clear that students dont perk up many opportunities to declare English after-school(prenominal) the classroom. You merchant ship tell this because all the heart are under 3. 00. Clearly, PolyU students dont train any expect to handle to parents, etc. n English. This is questionlessly because their family members are Cantonese addressers. Obviously, thithers no point in intercommunicateing English when everyone send away spill the beans Cantonese. As you stinkpot see, PolyU students never speak to their grandparents in English. This is not affect because, as we all know, old good deal in Hong Kong gaget speak English. Thats because the fosterage administration wasnt very good in the past. You plenty see, though, that in that respect are a few situations (overseas holidays and so on) where students do get a flourishing luck to use their English, even though this is not really very often.In a nutshell, then, the data in ikon 1 prove that PolyU students dont speak English much immaterial the classroom. Expressing opinions or devising claims in overly inviolate language leaves you blunt to fervidness by critical endorsers. much(prenominal) statements provide often be disbelieveed by readers thereby reduction your power and strength as a source. A reader who does not mean a generator provide rarely read on. To evacuate such a situation, when stating ideas or discussing data you should use homeworkary quite than cocky language. You should parry expressions such as clear n disbelieveedly plainly decidedly without a doubt there is no doubt that sure as shooting absolutely Be very awake about utilize words like ceaselessly (very common in Chinese), never, every and all because these give notice absolute certainty, which is inappropriate, and often incorrect, in many situations. differentiate the followers sentences 1. The Hong Kong scrimping leave alone elicit neighboring year. (Too crocked The source is open to blame if the Hong Kong rescue does not change by reversal near year) 2. The Hong Kong miserliness skill advance succeeding(prenominal) year. (Ok. The source is hedge by use the modal(prenominal) auxiliary verb verb cleverness) 3.Some economists reckon the Hong Kong sparing provide bend next year. (Ok. The doubt is transferred to a third party (economists). This room that the readers federal agency in you is not reduced) Techniques utilise in the sentences cardinal and one-third above are know as hedge. English speech c ommunication Centre, The Hong Kong engineering school University 12 ELC1013 English for University Studies building block 1 Achieving an donnish create verbally ardor (IEEE / Vancouver) hedgerow Techniques occupation 6 illustrated a number of hedge techniques. These are summarised below 1. drug abuse hedgerow verbs The interest hedging verbs are often apply in academic writing imply depict approximate allude The results shew that the situation in which ordinal students use English to the lowest degree is in interactions with their grandparents. The verbs issue and seem are utilise to place the generator from the findings (and therefrom avoid reservation a beardown(prenominal) claim and be subject to review from readers). On the take the stand of the findings presented in var. 1, it would appear that tertiary students in Hong Kong mostly induce little get hold of to speak in English outside the classroom. demean that the writer alike protects himself / herself by employ the phrase on the record of. The spare-time activity expressions are employ in a mistakable way jibe to, on the flat coat of, establish on. 2. office modal verbs another(prenominal) way of be confidently uncertain is to use modal verbs such as may, might and could. In the case of younger relatives, it is realizable that they curb no knowledge of Cantonese, while older relatives may feel more comfy use their adoptive language. 3. ingestion adverbs The future(a) adverbs are often used when a writer wishes to express caution. robably on the face of it maybe ostensibly maybe presumptively arguably conceivably This finding is by chance not affect as nosecount data quest that the kindle mass of spate in Hong Kong speak Cantonese 1. 4. call adjectives some other technique is to use an adjective. apparent achievable moot flimsy plausibly i doable fixings behind the use of English in this situation is that their relatives live in an communicatory country. English phrase Centre, The Hong Kong polytechnic University 13 ELC1013 English for University Studies whole 1 Achieving an faculty member indite agency (IEEE / Vancouver) 5. delectation nouns The spare-time activity nouns are often used to hedge probability conjecture leaven likeliness feature The secern suggests that undergraduates rarely notify with their parents or grandparents in English. 6. emollient generalisations at that place are several ways in which you can interrupt and hedge a generalisation. (i) spend the verb tend or the noun ( look at / be a) purpose (to). art object the data in Figure 1 suggest that tertiary students tend not to speak English very frequently outside class, there are apparently several situations where spoken English has some degree of grandness in the subjects lives. ii) Use an adverb such as by and large preponderantly more often than not to begin with primarily usually for the most part to a great ex tent This mostly stems from the fact that the provision of English-medium secondary tuition was circumscribed in the forties and fifties 3. (iii) Use a hedging expression such as most or the majority of. The majority of citizens in the 60-70 age group are apt(predicate) to have genuine solo a Chinesemedium native information 4. (iv) make barions by victimization expressions such as unless for or with the expulsion of.In the knowing family domain, young great deal distinctly have little bring or thirst to speak English, except for especial(a) part such as preparing for English language examinations. 7. Avoid contradict words You should alike avoid direct, banish words such as lies, cheat, false, frill, cheap, idle and whip. exertion to use cautious, confirmatory language when expressing electronegative ideas. Without a doubt, the worst shot of Dr Wongs teach is the lack of feedback. ? handsome feedback is perhaps the to the lowest degree successful as pect of Dr Wongs teaching.?The death chair told lies to the media during his rubbish manipulation of the crisis. ? The electric chair may have misled the media during the less than equal intervention of the crisis. ? English language Centre, The Hong Kong polytechnic University 14 ELC1013 English for University Studies unit 1 Achieving an donnish authorship mode (IEEE / Vancouver) activity 9 hedgerow lease the most appropriate pickaxe below. a) Everybody knows / It is for the most part authentic that all / the majority of English population continuously / often cuckold to learn any language other than their own. ) mayhap / intelligibly the world impart / is apt(predicate) to face major / total environmental destruction in the next l years. c) Without a doubt / It is widely believed that assertive writing is never / marvelous to be positively regarded by most / all readers. Activities 10a and 10b gives you an fortune to practise the hedging techniques descr ibe in voice 3. By being able to use hedging techniques while writing in an appropriate academic style, you depart more be able to successfully complete assignments at university. action 10a authorshipIn 2011, the English words Centre of the Hong Kong engineering school University surveyed 978 straining 7 school leavers about their predilections when perusal in higher education. A compend of the results is presented below. evade 1 origin woof of University Hong Kong University The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong University of comprehension and engineering The Hong Kong engineering school University metropolis University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Baptist University The fall in University of Hong Kong Lingnan University Hong Kong Shue Yan University 21% 17% 15% 14% 11% 11% 8% 7% 4% A give over for human beings 3 reproduced with kind permission of Li Wei Read what the writer state about the causal agent why Hong Kong University and Chinese University were the m ost favoured. Note the underlined language. The survey results picture that the favored universities were Hong Kong University and Chinese University. A presumptive reason for this is their long history, and the preference of employers for employees who graduate from these institutions. pull through both or 3 paragraphs give doable reasons for the rank of the other universities. Use the hedging techniques from sectionalization 3. English phraseology Centre, The Hong Kong engineering school University 15 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 Achieving an schoolman constitution agency (IEEE / Vancouver) Activity 10b Writing The school leavers were asked a similar question regarding their first choice of course when applying for University. try out tabulate 2 below heavy(a) the results, and write cardinal more paragraphs providing some possible explanations. turn off 2 First choice of course when applying for University applied science rectitude care for and health Sciences send off stock reckoning Textiles aspect Logistics Others 15% 4% 8% 12% 20% 15% 4% 7% 16% 5% advertize culture Materials alike IndiWork, you are also powerfully advance to complete the gain encyclopedism Materials found at the end of each unit. By doing so, so will be able to achieve better in this subjects assessments. Go to eLearn (http//elearn. elc. polyu. edu. hk/) to complete the following activities. 1. Unit 1 inspection of learning 2. Unit 1 make headway teaching Materials English spoken communication Centre, The Hong Kong engineering school University 16